Dengue Fever: Symptoms, Causes, Risk Factors and More

In the summer-monsoon season, the threat of dengue fever looms once again. This mosquito-borne illness is a serious concern, causing flu-like symptoms and even death in severe cases.

But fear not. By understanding its causes, recognizing its symptoms, seeking proper treatment, and taking preventative measures, we can protect ourselves and our communities from this deadly disease.

Dengue is an acute viral infection that continues to plague many countries, including India. Over 40% of the world's population lives in areas with a high risk of dengue. It remains one of the leading causes of illness in many countries.

While mild dengue can cause flu-like symptoms, severe dengue can present with potentially fatal complications. Dengue is caused by the bite of the female Aedes Aegypti mosquito, the same species responsible for spreading other viruses like Zika and Chikungunya. It is caused by four related viruses (serotypes) namely Dengue virus 1, 2, 3, and 4. Once you are infected with one virus, your body develops immunity to that particular virus, but you can still get infected with the other three viruses later. Because of this, a person can be reinfected with dengue multiple times. Although outbreaks in India were mainly due to serotypes 2 and 3 (DENV-2 and DENV-3), dengue virus serotype 1 (DENV-1) was the predominant serotype reported in the 2010 Delhi outbreak.

Dengue Fever Symptoms

Dengue is a virus transmitted by mosquitoes. It can cause severe flu-like symptoms, including:

• Nausea or vomiting

• Headache

• Vomiting

• Rashes on the body

• Muscle and joint pain

• Body ache

• Severe headache

• High fever

Dengue can also lead to more serious complications such as hemorrhagic fever and death.

Causes of Dengue

The dengue virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes found in tropical and subtropical areas. The virus can cause symptoms ranging from mild to severe. Dengue fever is the most common form, characterized by high fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, and a rash. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a more severe form that can lead to bleeding from the nose or gums and organ failure. Dengue shock syndrome is the most severe form and can be fatal.

Tests for Dengue

Doctors use simple blood tests to diagnose dengue fever. These tests check for viral antibodies or a specific antigen. The most definitive test is the Dengue NS1 antigen test, which helps identify the fever early. This increases the likelihood of providing a confirmed diagnosis and timely advice and follow-ups. For patients presenting more than a week after fever onset, IgM detection is useful, although NS1 can be positive up to 12 days after fever onset.

Dengue fever usually results in a decreased platelet count. Therefore, platelet count should be monitored regularly. A complete blood count (CBC) test provides a complete blood picture along with the platelet count. Make sure to get tested on time.

Typically, if you have dengue, you will be positive for dengue-specific NS1 antigen, a decrease in platelet count, and a decrease in total white blood cells (WBC) count.

Treatment of Dengue

There is no specific treatment for dengue fever. The focus is on relieving symptoms and supporting the body as it fights the infection. This includes:

• Taking rest and consuming plenty of fluids to prevent dehydration

• Using pain relief medications such as paracetamol and ibuprofen for headaches and muscle pain

• Using anti-motion sickness medications such as meclizine and promethazine for nausea and vomiting

• Consuming a fever reducer such as acetaminophen or diphenhydramine for fever

• Utilizing mosquito repellent to prevent further bites

Prevention is the best method to avoid dengue fever, but these measures can effectively treat and aid in recovery from the illness.

Prevention of Dengue

Here are some measures to prevent dengue:

• Vaccination: In many parts of the world, a dengue vaccine is available. It is given in three doses over a year. However, you are eligible only if you have had the disease at least once or have tested positive.

• Use Mosquito Repellent: Use mosquito repellent on exposed skin when outdoors. Most repellents contain active ingredients like DEET, picaridin, or oil of lemon eucalyptus.

• Reduce Mosquito Habitats: Mosquitoes lay their eggs in stagnant water. To prevent mosquito-borne diseases, empty standing water from flowerpots, gutters, buckets, pool covers, pet water dishes, discarded tires, and anything else that can hold water. Change bird bath water weekly, drill holes in tire swings, and keep swimming pools clean and chlorinated.

• Wear Appropriate Clothing: Wear long-sleeved shirts, long pants, and socks when outdoors. Choose light-colored clothing as mosquitoes are attracted to darker colors. Wear closed-toe shoes and consider treating clothing with permethrin.

Diagnosis of Dengue

Dengue is typically diagnosed based on symptoms. Doctors may order a blood test to look for dengue-specific antibodies or a PCR test to confirm the diagnosis. An important metric in these blood tests is the platelet count. If it falls below a certain level, it can be a cause for concern. In some cases, a doctor may also order an imaging test to check for internal bleeding.

Risk Factors of Dengue

Two specific risk factors for dengue are:

• Living in Tropical Areas: The most important risk factor is living in or traveling to an endemic area. Dengue is found in tropical and subtropical regions, including Latin America, Africa, the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, and Oceania. If you live in or visit these areas, you're at risk.

• Previously Infected with Dengue: If you've been infected with dengue before, you're at risk of developing more severe symptoms if infected again due to a more intense immune response.

Conclusion

Dengue is a potentially life-threatening disease affecting millions worldwide. It's important to be aware of the causes, symptoms, and treatments to recognize it early and seek prompt medical attention if necessary. Additionally, taking preventive measures such as eliminating potential mosquito breeding grounds can help reduce the risk of contracting the virus. By following these tips, you can keep your family safe from dengue fever and other mosquito-borne illnesses.

If you are displaying symptoms of dengue and want a clear diagnosis, contact Raj Hospitals Ranchi for a blood test.